James Gibson (1700 - 1752) was a British ship Captain who became a merchant in the British Colonies of Jamaica and the Province of Massachusetts Bay. During King George's War(1744-1748), William Shirley, the Governor of Massachusetts, debated whether to siege and capture the French Fortress of Louisburg on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. According to Gibson's journal, he convinced Governor Shirley that the siege would be successful, and used his personal wealth to provide three hundred soldiers for the campaign. Gibson wrote an account of the Siege of Louisburg and it was published in London in late 1745.
Video James Gibson (seaman)
Early life
James Gibson was born in 1700 in London, England. His parents are unknown, but he possessed a Gibson family coat of arms which was autographed by Edmund Gibson (1669-1748), the Bishop of London who was known by his descendants to be a relative. According to his journal, he served in the Royal Regiment of Foot Guards in the British Army, and was ordered to the island of Barbados. While serving in Barbados, he met a widow named Thomazine (Duesbury) Barton, the daughter of James and Rebecca Duesbury. James and Thomazine were married in the Parish of Saint Michael, Barbados on 24 October 1730. The Gibsons moved to Boston, Massachusetts prior to 1735, and their only child, Mary Duesbury Gibson was born there in 1737.
Maps James Gibson (seaman)
Merchant and Ship Captain
According to his great-grandson, Lorenzo Dow Johnson (1805-1867), Gibson was a prosperous merchant who owned a plantation on the island of Jamaica, owned a mansion in the neighbourhood of Beacon Hill, Boston, was a ship captain, was a shareholder in Long Wharf, and owned land in what is now Maine, both near the village of Stroudwater, now a neighbourhood of Portland, Maine and beyond the Kennebec River. It is not known how he acquired all of his wealth. He may have inherited some, and his father-in-law did own a plantation in Barbados, but Thomazine did not inherit it when her father died in 1717. James Johnson, another descendant, does note that he reviewed James Gibson's probate records in Boston, which in addition to the above landholdings listed his brass sword, a silver snuff-box and a personal portrait. There was a lucrative triangular trade between New England, the West Indies and Africa, and Boston's Long Wharf was known to be the busiest port in Colonial America. Several of his descendants who published biographies on him were active Methodists and chose not to speculate whether Gibson's trading included either slaves or rum.
Siege of Louisburg
France and Great Britain declared war in 1744 in what was known as King George's War in the American Colonies. The colonies in New France, in what is now Canada were protected by the Fortress of Louisburg. The Fortress also served as a base of attack against British colonial interests, especially Gibson's shipping interests in the Atlantic and his property in Maine. With the British and French Fleets engaged with one another in the Caribbean, William Shirley, the Governor of Massachusetts, had proposed that the Colony raise its own militia and fleet and take Louisburg by surprise. Gibson notes that when Shirley first presented his proposal to the General Court in Boston, it was rejected. However, the Governor knew Gibson "to be a man of weighty character, as well as weighty purse" and visited him in his "counting room, and abruptly said, 'Gibson, do you feel like giving up the expedition to Louisburg?'" Gibson offered his signature to a new petition, along with the promise to hire and lead three hundred soldiers and provide transport with his own expense, and this new petition was approved.
The siege lasted for forty-eight days, and Gibson provides a detailed account of the battle in his journal which was presented to the King, George II of Great Britain, and published in London's ''Gentleman's Magazine'' under the title ''A Journal of the Late Siege by the Troops from North America against the French at Cape Breton, the City of Louisburg and the Territories Thereunto Belonging: Surrendered to the English on 17 June 1745 After a Siege of Forty-Eight Days''. The American colonists were successful in capturing the fortress, although it would be given back to France as part of the treaty negotiations to end the war. On 1 April 1746, the Parliament of Great Britain resolved to reimburse the American Colonies of Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, Connecticut and Rhode Island for their expenses incurred in the siege, as well as to reimburse Gibson personally, the only individual named in the resolution. The resolution was to reimburse James Gibson, Esquire, for 548 Pounds and 15 Shillings. However, when the ship arrived in Boston carrying the payment from the Crown, only the payment to the Colonial treasuries was on board, not Gibson's.
Death
In the fall of 1752 Gibson was losing substantial income from the mismanagement of his Jamaica plantation, and so he left Boston and sailed to Jamaica to confront the overseer. On the day that he was scheduled to depart, his overseer invited him to dinner and "promised a satisfactory adjustment". After dinner he set sail for Boston but after three hours died in great agony, and the crew suspected that he had been poisoned. His widow Thomazine died in Boston weeks after having been informed of his death, on 13 November 1752, leaving their fifteen-year-old daughter Mary and orphan.
Lost Estate
With the sudden death of both parents, Mary Duesbury Gibson was left an orphan and has no other family in North America. The Court assigned a Mr. Butler as executor of the Estate, but he is "corrupt and fraudulent" and the only part of her father's estate and landholdings that remain when she becomes an adult is the land in Maine. She married Caleb Hayden in 1756 at age 18, but he died soon after. Five years later she married Nehemiah Blanchard, a descendant of John Alden. In 1767, Nehemiah travels to Maine to view the property she inherited from her father, and drowns in the Kennebec River. About the same time, Parliament publishes a notice in Boston for the heirs of the James Gibson estate regarding the payment due. Mary contracted the services of an attorney to travel to London to collect the sum, and he eloped and was never heard from again by Mary or her descendants. With her father's estate now lost to her, she gave up any further efforts to claim lost property.
References
- A Report of the Record Commissioners of the City of Boston, Containing Boston Births from A.D. 1700 to A.D. 1800. Boston: Rockwell and Churchhill, 1894.
- Gibson, James. "A Journal of the Late Siege by the Troops from North America against the French at Cape Breton, the City of Louisburg, and the Territories Thereunto Belonging: Surrendered to the English on 17 June 1745 after a Siege of Forty-Eight Days. London: J. Newbury, 1745.
- Johnson, James Bowen. "The Johnson Memorial". Washington, D.C.: Howard University Print, 1895.
- Johnson, Lorenzo Dow. "A Boston Merchant of 1745, or, Incidents in the Life of James Gibson, a Gentleman Volunteer at the Expedition to Louisburg". Boston: Redding and Co., 1847.
- Johnson, Thomazin Blanchard. "Memoir of Mrs. Thomazin Johnson, of Braintree, Mass., With an Account of Her Pious Lineage from John Alden, the First Pilgrim Father Who Placed Foot on Plymouth Rock." Boston: J. Loring, 1835.
- Sanders, Joanne McRee. Barbados Records: Marriages, 1643-1800. Vols. 1-2. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1982.
- Sanders, Joanne McRee. Barbados Records: Wills, 1639-1725. Vols. 1-3. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1979-1981.
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